Biological Factors
- Biological vulnerability and genetic predisposition in interaction with certain facilitating environments create problems and eventually disease.
- Pharmacological impact of excessive use of alcohol and other drugs on body chemistry, physiology , and the organ systems of the body.
- Tolerance – Increased frequency of use and higher doses over time.
- Withdrawal – Negative effects of cessation of addictive behaviors.
- Higher risk of developing specific physical disorders (diseases) associated with the chronic and excessive use of particular substances.
Psychological Factors
- Motivation – Stages of habit initiation and stages of habit change.
- Expectancies – Positive outcomes of drug use and self-efficacy.
- Attributions – Effects of substance use and reasons for relapse.
- Sensation-Seeking – Excessive need for stimulation
- Impulsivity – Inability to effectively control or restrain behavior.
- Negative Affect – Dysphoric moods such as anxiety & depression.
- Poor Coping – Deficits in cognitive and behavioral skills or inhibitions in the ability to perform behaviors due to the effects of anxiety.
Sociocultural Factors
- Family History – Dysfunctional family settings especially parental alcohol and drug problems and parental abuse or neglect of children.
- Peer Influences – Social pressure to engage in risk-taking behaviors including substance use especially when related to gang membership.
- Culture and Ethnic Background – Norms and religious beliefs that govern the use of alcohol and drugs and ethnic variations the body’s rate and efficiency of metabolizing drugs and alcohol.
- Media/Advertising – Societal emphasis on immediate gratification and glorification of the effects of alcohol and drug use.
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